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The concept of a line digraph is generalized to that of a directed path graph. The directed path graph Pₖ(D) of a digraph D is obtained by representing the directed paths on k vertices of D by vertices. Two vertices are joined by an arc whenever the corresponding directed paths in D form a directed path on k+1 vertices or form a directed cycle on k vertices in D. In this introductory paper several properties of P₃(D) are studied, in particular with respect to isomorphism and traversability. In our main results, we characterize all digraphs D with P₃(D) ≅ D, we show that P₃(D₁) ≅ P₃(D₂) "almost always" implies D₁ ≅ D₂, and we characterize all digraphs with Eulerian or Hamiltonian P₃-graphs.
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The intersection matrix of a simplicial complex has entries equal to the rank of the intersecction of its facets. We prove that this matrix is enough to define up to isomorphism a triangulation of a surface.
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Our research is centred on the stochastic structure of matched open populations, subjected to periodical reclassifications. These populations are divided into sub-populations. In our application we considered two populations of customers of a bank: with and without account manager. Two or more of such population are matched when there is a 1-1 correspondence between their sub-populations and the elements of one of them can go to another, if and only if the same occurs with elements from the corresponding sub-populations of the other. So we have inputs and outputs of elements in the population and along with several sub-populations in which the elements can be placed. It is thus natural to use Markov chains to model these populations. Besides this study connected with Markov chains we show how to carry out Analysis of Variance - like analysis of entries and departures to and from de populations of customers. Our purpose is to study the flows in and out of customers in classes for the two populations and to make research on the influence of the factors year, class and region. We used the Likelihood ratio tests for the hypotheses formulated on the basis of these factors. In our work we verified that major hypotheses were all rejected. This raises the question of what are the effects and interactions truly relevant. Looking for an answer to this problem, we present the first partition to a change in the log Likelihood. This partition is very similar to the analysis of variance for the crossing of the factors that allowed us to use algebraic established results, see Fonseca et al. (2003, 2006), for models with balanced cross.
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Almost 1-1 extensions of Furstenberg-Weiss type and applications to Toeplitz flows

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Let $(Z,T_Z)$ be a minimal non-periodic flow which is either symbolic or strictly ergodic. Any topological extension of $(Z,T_Z)$ is Borel isomorphic to an almost 1-1 extension of $(Z,T_Z)$. Moreover, this isomorphism preserves the affine-topological structure of the invariant measures. The above extends a theorem of Furstenberg-Weiss (1989). As an application we prove that any measure-preserving transformation which admits infinitely many rational eigenvalues is measure-theoretically isomorphic to a strictly ergodic toeplitz flow.
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The article deals with constructing the discovery of the number of combinations. It stems from the approach of genetic constructivism, which works with the generic model theory, and its research goal was to develop the stages of isolated models, particularly using the phenomenon of isomorphism. Children aged 11–13 participated in the experiment during their mathematics club, in which they worked in groups at first and together at the blackboard afterwards. The results come from analyzing the experiment protocol and a video recording of part of the experiment. In this study, the authors focus primarily on a detailed analysis of individual sub-phases of isolated models under the generic model theory. The experiment highlights the importance of isomorphism as a generalization tool. The authors have identified the obstacles on the way to advanced sub-phases of isolated models. Another contribution is the division of the fourth sub-phase into two separate sub-phases, which has been achieved using the method of atomic analysis.
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On Lie algebras of vector fields related to Riemannian foliations

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Riemannian foliations constitute an important type of foliated structures. In this note we prove two theorems connecting the algebraic structure of Lie algebras of foliated vector fields with the smooth structure of a Riemannian foliation.
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