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On granular derivatives and the solution of a granular initial value problem

100%
EN
Perceptions about function changes are represented by rules like “If X is SMALL then Y is QUICKLY INCREASING.” The consequent part of a rule describes a granule of directions of the function change when X is increasing on the fuzzy interval given in the antecedent part of the rule. Each rule defines a granular differential and a rule base defines a granular derivative. A reconstruction of a fuzzy function given by the granular derivative and the initial value given by the rule is similar to Euler’s piecewise linear solution of an initial value problem. The solution method is based on a granulation of the directions of the function change, on an extension of the initial value in directions and on a propagation of fuzzy constraints given in antecedent parts of rules on possible function values. The proposed method is illustrated with an example.
EN
In this paper we consider Bessel equations of the type $t^2 X^{(2)}(t) + t X^{(1)}(t) + (t^2 I - A^2)X(t) = 0$, where A is an n$\times$n complex matrix and X(t) is an n$\times$m matrix for t > 0. Following the ideas of the scalar case we introduce the concept of a fundamental set of solutions for the above equation expressed in terms of the data dimension. This concept allows us to give an explicit closed form solution of initial and two-point boundary value problems related to the Bessel equation.
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On strongly monotone flows

88%
EN
M. Hirsch's famous theorem on strongly monotone flows generated by autonomous systems u'(t) = f(u(t)) is generalized to the case where f depends also on t, satisfies Carathéodory hypotheses and is only locally Lipschitz continuous in u. The main result is a corresponding Comparison Theorem, where f(t,u) is quasimonotone increasing in u; it describes precisely for which components equality or strict inequality holds.
4
51%
EN
It is well known that a power of a right invertible operator is again right invertible, as well as a polynomial in a right invertible operator under appropriate assumptions. However, a linear combination of right invertible operators (in particular, their sum and/or difference) in general is not right invertible. It will be shown how to solve equations with linear combinations of right invertible operators in commutative algebras using properties of logarithmic and antilogarithmic mappings. The used method is, in a sense, a kind of the variables separation method. We shall obtain also an analogue of the classical Fourier method for partial differential equations. Note that the results concerning the Fourier method are proved under weaker assumptions than these obtained in [6] (cf. also [7, 8, 11]).
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