The concept of k-connectivity κk(G), introduced by Chartrand in 1984, is a generalization of the cut-version of the classical connectivity. For an integer k ≥ 2, the k-connectivity of a connected graph G with order n ≥ k is the smallest number of vertices whose removal from G produces a graph with at least k components or a graph with fewer than k vertices. In this paper, we get a sharp upper bound for the size of G with κk(G) = t, where 1 ≤ t ≤ n − k and k ≥ 3; moreover, the unique extremal graph is given. Based on this result, we get the exact values for the maximum size, denoted by g(n, k, t), of a connected graph G with order n and κk(G) = t. We also compute the exact values and bounds for another parameter f(n, k, t) which is defined as the minimum size of a connected graph G with order n and κk(G) = t, where 1 ≤ t ≤ n − k and k ≥ 3.
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The concept of generalized k-connectivity κk(G), mentioned by Hager in 1985, is a natural generalization of the path-version of the classical connectivity. The pendant tree-connectivity τk(G) was also introduced by Hager in 1985, which is a specialization of generalized k-connectivity but a generalization of the classical connectivity. Another generalized connectivity of a graph G, named k-connectivity κ′k(G), introduced by Chartrand et al. in 1984, is a generalization of the cut-version of the classical connectivity. In this paper, we get the lower and upper bounds for the difference of κ′k(G) and τk(G) by showing that for a connected graph G of order n, if κ′k(G) ≠ n − k + 1 where k ≥ 3, then 1 ≤ κ′k(G) − τk(G) ≤ n − k; otherwise, 1 ≤ κ′k(G) ‘− τk(G) ≤ n − k + 1. Moreover, all of these bounds are sharp. We get a sharp upper bound for the 3-connectivity of the Cartesian product of any two connected graphs with orders at least 5. Especially, the exact values for some special cases are determined. Among our results, we also study the pendant tree-connectivity of Cayley graphs on Abelian groups of small degrees and obtain the exact values for τk(G), where G is a cubic or 4-regular Cayley graph on Abelian groups, 3 ≤ k ≤ n.
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