The notions of nil, nilpotent or PI-rings (= rings satisfying a polynomial identity) play an important role in ring theory (see e.g. [8], [11], [20]). Banach algebras with these properties have been studied considerably less and the existing results are scattered in the literature. The only exception is the work of Krupnik [13], where the Gelfand theory of Banach PI-algebras is presented. However, even this work has not get so much attention as it deserves. The present paper is an attempt to give a survey of results concerning Banach nil, nilpotent and PI-algebras. The author would like to thank to J. Zemánek for essential completion of the bibliography.
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Let T₁,...,Tₙ be bounded linear operators on a complex Hilbert space H. Then there are compact operators K₁,...,Kₙ ∈ B(H) such that the closure of the joint numerical range of the n-tuple (T₁-K₁,...,Tₙ-Kₙ) equals the joint essential numerical range of (T₁,...,Tₙ). This generalizes the corresponding result for n = 1. We also show that if S ∈ B(H) and n ∈ ℕ then there exists a compact operator K ∈ B(H) such that $||(S-K)ⁿ|| = ||Sⁿ||_{e}$. This generalizes results of C. L. Olsen.
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We investigate relations between the spectra defined by Słodkowski [14] and higher Shilov boundaries of the Taylor spectrum. The results generalize the well-known relation between the approximate point spectrum and the usual Shilov boundary.
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We introduce and study the notions of upper and lower semiregularities in Banach algebras. These notions generalize the previously studied notion of regularity - a class is a regularity if and only if it is both upper and lower semiregularity. Each semiregularity defines in a natural way a spectrum which satisfies a one-way spectral mapping property (the spectrum defined by a regularity satisfies the both-ways spectral mapping property).
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Let 𝒳 be a complex Banach space and e ∈ 𝒳 a nonzero vector. Then the set of all operators T ∈ ℒ(𝒳) with $σ_{T}(e) = σ_δ(T)$, respectively $r_{T}(e) = r(T)$, is residual. This is an analogy to the well known result for a fixed operator and variable vector. The results are then used to characterize linear mappings preserving the local spectrum (or local spectral radius) at a fixed vector e.
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Let X and Y be two closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. If we send a point back and forth between them by orthogonal projections, the iterates converge to the projection of the point onto the intersection of X and Y by a theorem of von Neumann. Any sequence of orthoprojections of a point in a Hilbert space onto a finite family of closed subspaces converges weakly, according to Amemiya and Ando. The problem of norm convergence was open for a long time. Recently Adam Paszkiewicz constructed five subspaces of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and a sequence of projections on them which does not converge in norm. We construct three such subspaces, resolving the problem fully. As a corollary we observe that the Lipschitz constant of a certain Whitney-type extension does in general depend on the dimension of the underlying space.
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A sequence (Tₙ) of bounded linear operators between Banach spaces X,Y is said to be hypercyclic if there exists a vector x ∈ X such that the orbit Tₙx is dense in Y. The paper gives a survey of various conditions that imply the hypercyclicity of (Tₙ) and studies relations among them. The particular case of X = Y and mutually commuting operators Tₙ is analyzed. This includes the most interesting cases (Tⁿ) and (λₙTⁿ) where T is a fixed operator and λₙ are complex numbers. We also study when a sequence of operators has a large (either dense or closed infinite-dimensional) manifold consisting of hypercyclic vectors.
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A formula is given for the (joint) spectral radius of an n-tuple of mutually commuting Hilbert space operators analogous to that for one operator. This gives a positive answer to a conjecture raised by J. W. Bunce in [1].
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Let P,Q be two linear idempotents on a Banach space. We show that the closedness of the range and complementarity of the kernel (range) of linear combinations of P and Q are independent of the choice of coefficients. This generalizes known results and shows that many spectral properties of linear combinations do not depend on their coefficients.
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An operator in a Banach space is called upper (lower) semi-Browder if it is upper (lower) semi-Fredholm and has a finite ascent (descent). We extend this notion to n-tuples of commuting operators and show that this notion defines a joint spectrum. Further we study relations between semi-Browder and (essentially) semiregular operators.
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