This article provides definitions and examples upon an integral element of unital commutative rings. An algebraic number is also treated as consequence of a concept of “integral”. Definitions for an integral closure, an algebraic integer and a transcendental numbers [14], [1], [10] and [7] are included as well. As an application of an algebraic number, this article includes a formal proof of a ring extension of rational number field ℚ induced by substitution of an algebraic number to the polynomial ring of ℚ[x] turns to be a field.
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A complex number α is said to satisfy the height reducing property if there is a finite subset, say F, of the ring ℤ of the rational integers such that ℤ[α] = F[α]. This property has been considered by several authors, especially in contexts related to self affine tilings and expansions of real numbers in non-integer bases. We prove that a number satisfying the height reducing property, is an algebraic number whose conjugates, over the field of the rationals, are all of modulus one, or all of modulus greater than one. Expecting the converse of the last statement is true, we show some theoretical and experimental results, which support this conjecture.
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In this paper, we study groupoid actions acting on arithmetic functions. In particular, we are interested in the cases where groupoids are generated by directed graphs. By defining an injective map α from the graph groupoid G of a directed graph G to the algebra A of all arithmetic functions, we establish a corresponding subalgebra AG = C*[α(G)]︀ of A. We construct a suitable representation of AG, determined both by G and by an arbitrarily fixed prime p. And then based on this representation, we consider free probability on AG.
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In this paper, we study matrices induced by arithmetic functions under certain Krein-space representations induced by (multi-)primes less than or equal to fixed positive real numbers.
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