A symmetric, idempotent, continuous binary operation on a space is called a mean. In this paper, we provide a criterion for the non-existence of mean on a certain class of continua which includes tree-like continua. This generalizes a result of Bell and Watson. We also prove that any hereditarily indecomposable circle-like continuum admits no mean.
Our aim is to study continuous solutions φ of the classical linear iterative equation φ(f(x,y)) = g(x,y)φ(x,y) + h(x,y), where the given function f is defined as a pair of means. We are interested in the case when f has no fixed points. In turns out that in such a case continuous solutions of (1) depend on an arbitrary function.
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We introduce a concept of functional measures of skewness which can be used in a wider context than some classical measures of asymmetry. The Hotelling and Solomons theorem is generalized.