A k-colouring of a graph G is a mapping c from the set of vertices of G to the set {1, . . . , k} of colours such that adjacent vertices receive distinct colours. Such a k-colouring is called acyclic, if for every two distinct colours i and j, the subgraph induced by all the edges linking a vertex coloured with i and a vertex coloured with j is acyclic. In other words, every cycle in G has at least three distinct colours. Acyclic colourings were introduced by Gr¨unbaum in 1973, and since then have been widely studied. In particular, the problem of acyclic colourings of graphs with bounded maximum degree has been investigated. In 2011, Kostochka and Stocker showed that any graph with maximum degree 5 can be acyclically coloured with at most 7 colours. The question, whether this bound is achieved, remains open. In this note we prove that any graph with maximum degree 5 and maximum average degree at most 4 admits an acyclic 6-colouring. We also provide examples of graphs with these properties.
It is proved that if G is multigraph with maximum degree 3, and every submultigraph of G has average degree at most 2(1/2) and is different from one forbidden configuration C⁺₄ with average degree exactly 2(1/2), then G is totally 4-choosable; that is, if every element (vertex or edge) of G is assigned a list of 4 colours, then every element can be coloured with a colour from its own list in such a way that no two adjacent or incident elements are coloured with the same colour. This shows that the List-Total-Colouring Conjecture, that ch''(G) = χ''(G) for every multigraph G, is true for all multigraphs of this type. As a consequence, if G is a graph with maximum degree 3 and girth at least 10 that can be embedded in the plane, projective plane, torus or Klein bottle, then ch''(G) = χ''(G) = 4. Some further total choosability results are discussed for planar graphs with sufficiently large maximum degree and girth.
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