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PL
The problem of changing and shrinking economic base of many small towns causes necessity of searching new paths of development for them. Central service functions existing in those towns previously are largely washed out to larger cities as a result of the present metropolisation processes. The opportunity for economic base or redevelopment of small towns should focus on manufacturing industry. The issue of the paper is to indicate the role of industry for the development of labour market in the space of the small towns, proving the positive impact has practical applications because of its ability to design and implement new development strategy objectives of these towns. The study area were Poland’s counties (poviats), in which the central city had less than 20,000 inhabitants.
PL
Sustainable development policies have become new objectives of local actions since the implementation of the notion in the 1990s. Small towns promote images of places where the living is easy and with sustainable amenities like “natural” living environment. But, beyond these perceptions, operational sustainable development policies are quite occasional. Taking a sample of French small towns in the Auvergne region as examples, it is interesting to analyse this paradox of an interesting potential leading to rare effective actions. It seems that it is quite difficult for local stakeholders to implement really transversal and not sectoral policies and the lack of capacity and budget is an important issue for them as it takes time and money to develop really participative and holistic programs.
PL
The article concerns about conditions of development of a peculiar small towns – Guben (German) and Gubin (Polish). Their situation is interesting with reference to their border location, as well as peripheral and divided and because of the geopolitical context of globalization and European integration where they have to deal with it in a common way. The main objective of this article was to discover the differences and similarities of two border towns as a base for their future socio-economic development and co-operation due to the new political situation and end of barriers, both institutional and legal. Spatial analyses focused on two towns – Guben and Gubin, nowadays divided by a Polish-German border, that before World War II used to be one unit. The temporal extent of the article refers to the period of 1995–2012, but some historical background was also showed. The applied methods and data sources were based on Polish and German statis tics. The demographical and economic situation was analysed and showed a difficult and complex problems in both towns despite the fact that in details they differ from each other. Detailed analysis included: the population number, the births and deaths rates as well as migration balance. The economic and functional images of both towns are different and traffic at the border-crossing does not play a stimulant role. Due to the EU and Schengen Area enlargement in Guben and Gubin did not greatly stimulate the socio-economic situation. The representatives of both towns stated that common actions are a viable and the best solution to problems of both towns.
PL
The main aim of the author was to determine the influence range of towns in the light of their economic linkages. The text is part of the author’s larger research project which focuses on the problem of identification and delimitation of functional areas of small and medium-sized towns. An important element of the analyses, apart from their cognitive aspect, is a proposal of an independent tool to measure the phenomenon of economic linkages with the use of data included in the REGON (National Register of Business Entities) database. All the analyses have been conducted on the basis of 38 small and medium-sized towns in the Lodz voivodeship.
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PL
The aim of this paper is to identify the endogenous capital of small towns in the Poznań agglomeration and to analyse its role in their development. The agglomeration of Poznań (a NUTS 4 unit) is located centrally in the Wielkopolska voivodeship, which lies in the western part of Poland. There are eight small towns in the Poznań agglomeration that vary in size and socio-economic functions they perform. They belong to two size classes. Those with 5–10 thousand inhabitants predominate; those are Buk, Kostrzyn Wielkopolski, Kórnik, Pobiedziska, Puszczykowo, and Stęszew. The class with the population of 10–20 thousand contains Mosina and Murowana Goślina. Their endogenous capital is identified in terms of three types: endogenous social capital, or population, its resources and quality; endogenous economic capital, or local wealth and production base, free lots and investment areas; and endogenous natural capital, or the condition of the environment, natural resources, and landscape attractiveness. In the analysis of the endogenous capital of small towns of the Poznań agglomeration, the following research instruments have been used: the index method, mathematical-statistical methods, and the survey research technique. The final analysis reveals that in the set of eight small towns of the Poznań agglomeration the highest quality of endogenous capital can be found in Puszczykowo, Kórnik, Mosina, and Murowana Goślina, and the lowest, in the peripheral ones: Buk and Kostrzyn.
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Small towns in peripheral regions of Germany

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PL
The paper summarizes the main findings of a study on small towns in peripheral locations in Germany. In its first part, the results of the data analysis are presented and the spatial distribution of shrinking and growing small towns in Germany is described. The majority of them in peripheral areas are currently shrinking, which includes an assemblage of demographic, economic, infrastructural and fiscal problems, leading to a danger of a negative downward spiral. The second part deals with specific challenges and problems of the shrinking towns. In qualitative case studies, main disadvantages of peripheral location and peripheralisation processes of four selected towns are outlined, which narrow the scope of action for local politics. Part 3 provides a short analysis of the main strategies of those four towns coping with peripheralisation. In the last part, an outlook is given in a more general matter, which shows possibilities to turn the ascribed deficits of peripherality into strengths.
PL
The main aim of the author was to analyse the population changes of small towns in Poland between 2002 and 2012. Small towns’ reaction to the global and regional demographic trends confirms their position between the rural areas and the urban municipalities. The differences between separate towns are significant, however those located within the metropolitan areas in Poland show a positive population dynamics, natural growth and migration balance net indexes. The image of small towns in terms of demographic changes is for that reason adequate to their socio-economic situation. However the question of the development of small satellite towns is asked as the functions are often leached to the core areas of the metropolis. The emerging problem of the depopulation of the vast majority of towns is also stressed in the paper. The depopulation types (in Webb typology) concern nearly 72% of all Polish small towns.
PL
The authors present an overview about small towns’ urbanisation in Hungary. Following the specific aspects and factors of their urbanisation in the last centuries, the authors conclude that 20 years after the political and economic transition, small towns arrived at a crossroads in their development. Suffering the effects of demographic change and an outflow of young adults, almost every typical, traditional small town has been shrinking since at least the last decade. This crisis is more intensive than the overall decrease of the population number in Hungary. Only atypical small towns have been able to increase their population. Behind the crisis of typical small towns, the paper defines some possible factors, including the delayed effects of transition, the re-evaluation of small towns in the globalising, network-based economy and the actual reduction of the state’s spatial functions and presence. Although some niche-based strategies are open for success, for the majority of small towns the question still remains open: what new functions and attributes could make them attractive and successful in the 21st century?
PL
The aim of this study was to present the variety of educational services in small towns of Małopolskie and Podkarpackie voivodeships. Performance of educational services is determined by numerous factors, of which the key ones are: economic and social policy, rules governing the funding of education and demographic processes. Education is a public service aimed at particular citizen groups (children, youth, adults) or at the society itself. The maim methods used in study was analysis of statistic data and structural coefficient and profiles of educational services. The first part of this paper deals with the condition and structure of the system in consideration to the types of schools and number of students affected by demographic changes in the region. The second part is an analysis of educational profiles in secondary schools in small cities with relation to their local job market and the economic advancement of the regions. The paper contains a juxtaposition of barriers and opportunities for the development of educational services in the analysed towns.
EN
The paper is focused on the issues related to spatial planning in areas of city-rural communes, reflecting the policy of local authorities in reference to directions of their development, instructions in the scope of methods of management of the territory under their administration. The current phenomena indicate a highly diversified approach of commune authorities seeking to find economic strengthening in the internal resources of settlement units. The studies conducted in the area of the Małopolskie province are concentrated on examining Study of the Conditions and Directions of the Spatial Management and their reference to the current spatial management and possibilities of shaping relations between particular commune locationsin order to strengthen their economic potential.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniach związanych z planowaniem przestrzennym obszaru gmin miejsko-wiejskich odzwierciedlających politykę władz lokalnych w odniesieniu do kierunków ich rozwoju, dyspozycji w zakresie sposobów zagospodarowania administrowanego przez siebie terytorium. Aktualnie występujące zjawiska wskazują na bardzo zróżnicowane podejście władz gminnych szukających wzmacniania gospodarczego w występujących wewnętrznych zasobach jednostek osiedleńczych. Prowadzone badania w obszarze województwa małopolskiego skupiają się na badaniu zapisów studium uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego – ich odniesienia do obecnego zagospodarowania przestrzennego i możliwości kształtowania relacji pomiędzy poszczególnymi miejscowościami gminnymi w celu wzmacniania ich potencjału gospodarczego.
EN
During the time of centrally controlled economy Polish cities were shaped by processes and structures typical of a socialist state. When changes in the economic, social and political system in Poland begun, Polish cities and towns entered a transformation process. The aim of the paper is to answer the question whether and to what extent spatial transformations of small towns in Poland show symptoms of gentrification. Authors analyse the problems of towns genesis, population changes, changes in the spatial and functional structures of towns as well as the modernization of the central districts of small towns in Małopolska Province. In view of present changes that take place in the structures of small towns in Europe and the widely undertaken actions towards the revitalization of small towns’ centres in Poland, the authors attempted to analyse spatial, economic and social transformations in the light of wider processes of gentrification, however at the present stage of development of small towns it is difficult to speak of gentrification processes itself.
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