Say that a cycle C almost contains a cycle C¯ if every edge except one of C¯ is an edge of C. Call a graph G strongly pancyclic if every nontriangular cycle C almost contains another cycle C¯ and every nonspanning cycle C is almost contained in another cycle C⁺. This is equivalent to requiring, in addition, that the sizes of C¯ and C⁺ differ by one from the size of C. Strongly pancyclic graphs are pancyclic and chordal, and their cycles enjoy certain interpolation and extrapolation properties with respect to almost containment. Much of this carries over from graphic to cographic matroids; the resulting 'dual-pancyclic' graphs are shown to be exactly the 3-regular dual-chordal graphs.
A graph is edge cycle extendable if every cycle C that is formed from edges and one chord of a larger cycle C⁺ is also formed from edges and one chord of a cycle C' of length one greater than C with V(C') ⊆ V(C⁺). Edge cycle extendable graphs are characterized by every block being either chordal (every nontriangular cycle has a chord) or chordless (no nontriangular cycle has a chord); equivalently, every chord of a cycle of length five or more has a noncrossing chord.
Define a complete subgraph Q to be simplicial in a graph G when Q is contained in exactly one maximal complete subgraph ('maxclique') of G; otherwise, Q is nonsimplicial. Several graph classes-including strong p-Helly graphs and strongly chordal graphs-are shown to have pairs of peculiarly related new characterizations: (i) for every k ≤ 2, a certain property holds for the complete subgraphs that are in k or more maxcliques of G, and (ii) in every induced subgraph H of G, that same property holds for the nonsimplicial complete subgraphs of H. One example: G is shown to be hereditary clique-Helly if and only if, for every k ≤ 2, every triangle whose edges are each in k or more maxcliques is itself in k or more maxcliques; equivalently, in every induced subgraph H of G, if each edge of a triangle is nonsimplicial in H, then the triangle itself is nonsimplicial in H.
An i-chord of a cycle or path is an edge whose endpoints are a distance i ≥ 2 apart along the cycle or path. Motivated by many standard graph classes being describable by the existence of chords, we investigate what happens when i-chords are required for specific values of i. Results include the following: A graph is strongly chordal if and only if, for i ∈ {4,6}, every cycle C with |V(C)| ≥ i has an (i/2)-chord. A graph is a threshold graph if and only if, for i ∈ {4,5}, every path P with |V(P)| ≥ i has an (i -2)-chord.
The leafage l(G) of a chordal graph G is the minimum number of leaves of a tree in which G has an intersection representation by subtrees. We obtain upper and lower bounds on l(G) and compute it on special classes. The maximum of l(G) on n-vertex graphs is n - lg n - 1/2 lg lg n + O(1). The proper leafage l*(G) is the minimum number of leaves when no subtree may contain another; we obtain upper and lower bounds on l*(G). Leafage equals proper leafage on claw-free chordal graphs. We use asteroidal sets and structural properties of chordal graphs.
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