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Matrix of ℤ-module1

100%

Futa Y., Okazaki H., Shidama Y.

Formalized Mathematics

2015

tom 23

nr 1

29-49

In this article, we formalize a matrix of ℤ-module and its properties. Specially, we formalize a matrix of a linear transformation of ℤ-module, a bilinear form and a matrix of the bilinear form (Gramian matrix). We formally prove that for a finite-rank free ℤ-module V, determinant of its Gramian matrix is constant regardless of selection of its basis. ℤ-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL (Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattices [22] and coding theory [14]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [24], [26] and [19] into theorems of ℤ-module.

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Structure fractals and para-quaternionic geometry

75%

Ławrynowicz J., Vaccaro M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica

2011

tom 65

nr 2

It is well known that starting with real structure, the Cayley-Dickson process gives complex, quaternionic, and octonionic (Cayley) structures related to the Adolf Hurwitz composition formula for dimensions \(p = 2, 4\) and \(8\), respectively, but the procedure fails for \(p = 16\) in the sense that the composition formula involves no more a triple of quadratic forms of the same dimension; the other two dimensions are \(n = 2^7\). Instead, Ławrynowicz and Suzuki (2001) have considered graded fractal bundles of the flower type related to complex and Pauli structures and, in relation to the iteration process \(p \to p + 2 \to p + 4 \to ...\), they have constructed \(2^4\)-dimensional “bipetals” for \(p = 9\) and \(2^7\)-dimensional “bisepals” for \(p = 13\). The objects constructed appear to have an interesting property of periodicity related to the gradating function on the fractal diagonal interpreted as the “pistil” and a family of pairs of segments parallel to the diagonal and equidistant from it, interpreted as the “stamens”. The first named author, M. Nowak-Kepczyk, and S. Marchiafava (2006, 2009a, b) gave an effective, explicit determination of the periods and expressed them in terms of complex and quaternionic structures, thus showing the quaternionic background of that periodicity. In contrast to earlier results, the fractal bundle flower structure, in particular petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens are not introduced ab initio; they are quoted a posteriori, when they are fully motivated. Physical concepts of dual and conjugate objects as well as of antiparticles led us to extend the periodicity theorem to structure fractals in para-quaternionic formulation, applying some results in this direction by the second named author. The paper is concluded by outlining some applications.

Ograniczanie wyników

1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica

1 Formalized Mathematics

1 Futa Y.

1 Okazaki H.

1 Shidama Y.

1 Vaccaro M.

1 Ławrynowicz J.

1 2015

1 2011

Wyniki wyszukiwania

Matrix of ℤ-module1

Structure fractals and para-quaternionic geometry