An overview of principles and mathematical models of biological pattern formation is presented. One can distinguish preformation, optimization, topological and self-organization principles. Combinations of such principles are responsible for shape and tissue formation, differentiation, regeneration, morphogenetic motion, cell division and even malignant patterns, e.g. in tumor growth. Mathematical modeling allows for a systematic analysis of the pattern-formation potential of morphogenetic principles. Biological patterns are the result of complex interactions between a smaller or larger number of components, particularly molecules and cells. Depending on the modeling perspective microscopic (from the individual component level) and macroscopic models (from the population perspective) are distinguished. The specific question directs the choice of the appropriate perspective. A selection of microscopic and macroscopic model types is introduced.
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