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Operators commuting with translations, and systems of difference equations

100%
EN
Let ${\mathcal B} ={f:ℝ → ℝ: f is bounded}$, and ${\mathcal M} ={f:ℝ → ℝ: f is Lebesgue measurable}$. We show that there is a linear operator $Φ :{\mathcal B} → {\mathcal M}$ such that Φ(f)=f a.e. for every $f ∈ {\mathcal B} ∩ {\mathcal M}$, and Φ commutes with all translations. On the other hand, if $Φ : {\mathcal B} → {\mathcal M}$ is a linear operator such that Φ(f)=f for every $f ∈ {\mathcal B} ∩ {\mathcal M}$, then the group $G_Φ$ ={ a ∈ ℝ:Φ commutes with the translation by a} is of measure zero and, assuming Martin's axiom, is of cardinality less than continuum. Let Φ be a linear operator from $ℂ^ℝ$ into the space of complex-valued measurable functions. We show that if Φ(f) is non-zero for every $f(x)=e^{cx}$, then $G_Φ$ must be discrete. If Φ(f) is non-zero for a single polynomial-exponential f, then $G_Φ$ is countable, moreover, the elements of $G_Φ$ are commensurable. We construct a projection from $ℂ^ℝ$ onto the polynomials that commutes with rational translations. All these results are closely connected with the solvability of certain systems of difference equations.
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On the linear Denjoy property of two-variable continuous functions

64%
EN
The classical Denjoy-Young-Saks theorem gives a relation, here termed the Denjoy property, between the Dini derivatives of an arbitrary one-variable function that holds almost everywhere. Concerning the possible generalizations to higher dimensions, A. S. Besicovitch proved the following: there exists a continuous function of two variables such that at each point of a set of positive measure there exist continuum many directions, in each of which one Dini derivative is infinite and the other three are zero, thus violating the bilateral Denjoy property. Our aim is to show that for two-variable continuous functions it is possible that on a set of positive measure there exist directions in which even the one-sided Denjoy behaviour is violated. We construct continuous functions of two variables such that (i) both of its one-sided derivatives equal ∞ in continuum many directions on a set of positive measure, and (ii) all four directional Dini derivatives are finite and distinct in continuum many directions on a set of positive measure.
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Ideal limits of sequences of continuous functions

64%
EN
We prove that for every Borel ideal, the ideal limits of sequences of continuous functions on a Polish space are of Baire class one if and only if the ideal does not contain a copy of Fin × Fin. In particular, this is true for $F_{σδ}$ ideals. In the proof we use Borel determinacy for a game introduced by C. Laflamme.
4
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Strong Fubini properties for measure and category

64%
EN
Let (FP) abbreviate the statement that $∫_{0}^{1} (∫_{0}^{1} fdy)dx = ∫_{0}^{1} (∫_{0}^{1} fdx)dy$ holds for every bounded function f: [0,1]² → ℝ whenever each of the integrals involved exists. We shall denote by (SFP) the statement that the equality above holds for every bounded function f: [0,1]² → ℝ having measurable vertical and horizontal sections. It follows from well-known results that both of (FP) and (SFP) are independent of the axioms of ZFC. We investigate the logical connections of these statements with several other strong Fubini type properties of the ideal of null sets. In particular, we establish the equivalence of (SFP) to the nonexistence of certain sets with paradoxical properties, a phenomenon that was already known for (FP). We also give the category analogues of these statements and, whenever possible, we try to put the statements in a setting of general ideals as initiated by Recław and Zakrzewski.
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Lipschitz differences and Lipschitz functions

51%
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