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3x+1 inverse orbit generating functions almost always have natural boundaries

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Bell J., Lagarias J.

Acta Arithmetica

2015

tom 170

nr 2

101-120

The 3x+k function $T_{k}(n)$ sends n to (3n+k)/2, resp. n/2, according as n is odd, resp. even, where k ≡ ±1 (mod 6). The map $T_k(·)$ sends integers to integers; for m ≥1 let n → m mean that m is in the forward orbit of n under iteration of $T_k(·)$. We consider the generating functions $f_{k,m}(z) = ∑_{n>0, n → m} z^{n}$, which are holomorphic in the unit disk. We give sufficient conditions on (k,m) for the functions $f_{k,m}(z)$ to have the unit circle {|z|=1} as a natural boundary to analytic continuation. For the 3x+1 function these conditions hold for all m ≥1 to show that $f_{1,m}(z)$ has the unit circle as a natural boundary except possibly for m= 1, 2, 4 and 8. The 3x+1 Conjecture is equivalent to the assertion that $f_{1, m}(z)$ is a rational function of z for the remaining values m = 1,2,4,8.

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1 Acta Arithmetica

1 Bell J.

1 Lagarias J.

1 2015

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3x+1 inverse orbit generating functions almost always have natural boundaries