It is known that the unit sphere, centered at the origin in ℝn, has a dense set of points with rational coordinates. We give an elementary proof of this fact that includes explicit bounds on the complexity of the coordinates: for every point ν on the unit sphere in ℝn, and every ν > 0; there is a point r = (r 1; r 2;…;r n) such that: ⊎ ‖r-v‖∞ < ε.⊎ r is also a point on the unit sphere; Σ r i 2 = 1.⊎ r has rational coordinates; $$ r_i = \frac{{a_i }} {{b_i }} $$ for some integers a i, b i.⊎ for all $$ i,0 \leqslant \left| {a_i } \right| \leqslant b_i \leqslant (\frac{{32^{1/2} \left\lceil {log_2 n} \right\rceil }} {\varepsilon })^{2\left\lceil {log_2 n} \right\rceil } $$ . One consequence of this result is a relatively simple and quantitative proof of the fact that the rational orthogonal group O(n;ℚ) is dense in O(n;ℝ) with the topology induced by Frobenius’ matrix norm. Unitary matrices in U(n;ℂ) can likewise be approximated by matrices in U(n;ℚ(i))
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Let A be an abelian variety with commutative endomorphism algebra over a finite field k. The k-isogeny class of A is uniquely determined by a Weil polynomial f A without multiple roots. We give a classification of the groups of k-rational points on varieties from this class in terms of Newton polygons of f A(1 − t).
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We classify the cohomology classes of Lagrangian 4-planes ℙ4 in a smooth manifold X deformation equivalent to a Hilbert scheme of four points on a K3 surface, up to the monodromy action. Classically, the Mori cone of effective curves on a K3 surface S is generated by nonnegative classes C, for which (C, C) ≥ 0, and nodal classes C, for which (C, C) = −2; Hassett and Tschinkel conjecture that the Mori cone of a holomorphic symplectic variety X is similarly controlled by “nodal” classes C such that (C, C) = −γ, for (·,·) now the Beauville-Bogomolov form, where γ classifies the geometry of the extremal contraction associated to C. In particular, they conjecture that for X deformation equivalent to a Hilbert scheme of n points on a K3 surface, the class C = ℓ of a line in a smooth Lagrangian n-plane ℙn must satisfy (ℓ,ℓ) = −(n + 3)/2. We prove the conjecture for n = 4 by computing the ring of monodromy invariants on X, and showing there is a unique monodromy orbit of Lagrangian 4-planes.
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We classify quartic del Pezzo surface fibrations over the projective line via numerical invariants, giving explicit examples for small values of the invariants. For generic such fibrations, we describe explicitly the geometry of spaces of sections to the fibration, and mappings to the intermediate Jacobian of the total space. We exhibit examples where these are birational, which has applications to arithmetic questions, especially over finite fields.
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We present a survey of results on word equations in simple groups, as well as their analogues and generalizations, which were obtained over the past decade using various methods: group-theoretic and coming from algebraic and arithmetic geometry, number theory, dynamical systems and computer algebra. Our focus is on interrelations of these machineries which led to numerous spectacular achievements, including solutions of several long-standing problems.
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