We study coprime integer solutions to the equation a³ + b³ⁿ = c² using Galois representations and modular forms. This case represents perhaps the last natural family of generalized Fermat equations descended from spherical cases which is amenable to resolution using the so-called modular method. Our techniques involve an elaborate combination of ingredients, ranging from ℚ-curves and a delicate multi-Frey approach, to appeal to intricate image of inertia arguments.
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Using only elementary arguments, Cassels solved the Diophantine equation (x-1)³ + x³ + (x+1)³ = z² (with x, z ∈ ℤ). The generalization $(x-1)^k+x^k+(x+1)^k = z^n$ (with x, z, n ∈ ℤ and n ≥ 2) was considered by Zhongfeng Zhang who solved it for k ∈ {2,3,4} using Frey-Hellegouarch curves and their corresponding Galois representations. In this paper, by employing some sophisticated refinements of this approach, we show that the only solutions for k = 5 have x = z = 0, and that there are no solutions for k = 6. The chief innovation we employ is a computational one, which enables us to avoid the full computation of data about cuspidal newforms of high level.
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