Let (X, d) be a metric space and T: X → X a continuous map. If the sequence (T n)n∈ℕ of iterates of T is pointwise convergent in X, then for any x ∈ X, the limit $$\mu _T (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } T^n (x)$$ is a fixed point of T. The problem of determining the form of µT leads to the invariance equation µT ○ T = µT, which is difficult to solve in general if the set of fixed points of T is not a singleton. We consider this problem assuming that X = I p, where I is a real interval, p ≥ 2 a fixed positive integer and T is the mean-type mapping M =(M 1,...,M p) of I p. In this paper we give the explicit forms of µM for some classes of mean-type mappings. In particular, the classical Pythagorean harmony proportion can be interpreted as an important invariance equality. Some applications are presented. We show that, in general, the mean-type mappings are not non-expansive.
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We collect and generalize various known definitions of principal iteration semigroups in the case of multiplier zero and establish connections among them. The common characteristic property of each definition is conjugating of an iteration semigroup to different normal forms. The conjugating functions are expressed by suitable formulas and satisfy either Böttcher’s or Schröder’s functional equation.
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The problem of invariance of the geometric mean in the class of Lagrangian means was considered in [Głazowska D., Matkowski J., An invariance of geometric mean with respect to Lagrangian means, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 2007, 331(2), 1187–1199], where some necessary conditions for the generators of Lagrangian means have been established. The question if all necessary conditions are also sufficient remained open. In this paper we solve this problem.
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