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## Bulletin of the Section of Logic

2020 | 49 | 3 | 213-230
Tytuł artykułu

### Proof Compression and NP Versus PSPACE II

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Treść / Zawartość
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
We upgrade [3] to a complete proof of the conjecture NP = PSPACE that is known as one of the fundamental open problems in the mathematical theory of computational complexity; this proof is based on [2]. Since minimal propositional logic is known to be PSPACE complete, while PSPACE to include NP, it suﬃces to show that every valid purely implicational formula ρ has a proof whose weight (= total number of symbols) and time complexity of the provability involved are both polynomial in the weight of ρ. As is [3], we use proof theoretic approach. Recall that in [3] we considered any valid ρ in question that had (by the deﬁnition of validity) a “short” tree-like proof π in the Hudelmaier-style cutfree sequent calculus for minimal logic. The “shortness” means that the height of π and the total weight of diﬀerent formulas occurring in it are both polynomial in the weight of ρ. However, the size (= total number of nodes), and hence also the weight, of π could be exponential in that of ρ. To overcome this trouble we embedded π into Prawitz’s proof system of natural deductions containing single formulas, instead of sequents. As in π, the height and the total weight of diﬀerent formulas of the resulting tree-like natural deduction ∂1 were polynomial, although the size of ∂1 still could be exponential, in the weight of ρ. In our next, crucial move, ∂1 was deterministically compressed into a “small”, although multipremise, dag-like deduction ∂ whose horizontal levels contained only mutually diﬀerent formulas, which made the whole weight polynomial in that of ρ. However, ∂ required a more complicated veriﬁcation of the underlying provability of ρ. In this paper we present a nondeterministic compression of ∂ into a desired standard dag-like deduction ∂0 that deterministically proves ρ in time and space polynomial in the weight of ρ.2 Together with [3] this completes the proof of NP = PSPACE.Natural deductions are essential for our proof. Tree-to-dag horizontal compression of π merging equal sequents, instead of formulas, is (possible but) not suﬃcient, since the total number of diﬀerent sequents in π might be exponential in the weight of ρ – even assuming that all formulas occurring in sequents are subformulas of ρ. On the other hand, we need Hudelmaier’s cutfree sequent calculus in order to control both the height and total weight of diﬀerent formulas of the initial tree-like proof π, since standard Prawitz’s normalization although providing natural deductions with the subformula property does not preserve polynomial heights. It is not clear yet if we can omit references to π even in the proof of the weaker result NP = coNP.
Słowa kluczowe
EN
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
213-230
Opis fizyczny
Daty
wydano
2020-11-04
Twórcy
autor
• University of Tubingen Department of Computer Science Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Nedlitzer Str. 4a 14612 Falkensee, Germany
• Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro – RJ Department of Informatics Rua Marques de São Vicente, 224, Gávea Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Bibliografia
• [1] S. Arora, B. Barak, Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, USA (2009).
• [2] L. Gordeev, Proof compression and NP versus PSPACE. Part 2, CoRR, vol. abs/1907.03858 (2019), URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03858
• [3] L. Gordeev, E. H. Haeusler, Proof Compression and NP Versus PSPACE, Studia Logica, vol. 107(1) (2019), pp. 53–83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-017-9773-5
• [4] J. Holm, E. Rotenberg, M. Thorup, Planar Reachability in Linear Space and Constant Time, CoRR, vol. abs/1411.5867 (2014), URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.5867
• [5] J. Hudelmaier, An O(n log n)-Space Decision Procedure for Intuitionistic Propositional Logic, Journal of Logic and Computation, vol. 3(1) (1993), pp. 63–75, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/3.1.63
• [6] H. Ishihara, H. Schwichtenberg, Embedding classical in minimal implicational logic, Mathematical Logic Quarterly, vol. 62(1–2) (2016), pp. 94–101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.201400099
• [7] I. Johansson, Der Minimalkalkül, ein reduzierter intuitionistischer Formalismus, Compositio Mathematica, vol. 4 (1937), pp. 119–136, URL: http://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1937__4__119_0