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## Fundamenta Mathematicae

2007 | 197 | 1 | 167-196
Tytuł artykułu

### Generalized universal covering spaces and the shape group

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If a paracompact Hausdorff space X admits a (classical) universal covering space, then the natural homomorphism φ: π₁(X) → π̌₁(X) from the fundamental group to its first shape homotopy group is an isomorphism. We present a partial converse to this result: a path-connected topological space X admits a generalized universal covering space if φ: π₁(X) → π̌₁(X) is injective.
This generalized notion of universal covering p: X̃ → X enjoys most of the usual properties, with the possible exception of evenly covered neighborhoods: the space X̃ is path-connected, locally path-connected and simply-connected and the continuous surjection p: X̃ → X is universally characterized by the usual general lifting properties. (If X is first countable, then p: X̃ → X is already characterized by the unique lifting of paths and their homotopies.) In particular, the group of covering transformations $G = Aut(X̃ \stackrel{p}{→} X)$ is isomorphic to π₁(X) and it acts freely and transitively on every fiber. If X is locally path-connected, then the quotient X̃/G is homeomorphic to X. If X is Hausdorff or metrizable, then so is X̃, and in the latter case G can be made to act by isometry. If X is path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply-connected, then p: X̃ → X agrees with the classical universal covering.
A necessary condition for the standard construction to yield a generalized universal covering is that X be homotopically Hausdorff, which is also sufficient if π₁(X) is countable. Spaces X for which φ: π₁(X) → π̌₁(X) is known to be injective include all subsets of closed surfaces, all 1-dimensional separable metric spaces (which we prove to be covered by topological ℝ-trees), as well as so-called trees of manifolds which arise, for example, as boundaries of certain Coxeter groups.
We also obtain generalized regular coverings, relative to some special normal subgroups of π₁(X), and provide the appropriate relative version of being homotopically Hausdorff, along with its corresponding properties.
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Kategorie tematyczne
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Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
167-196
Opis fizyczny
Daty
wydano
2007
Twórcy
autor
• Department of Mathematical Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, U.S.A.
autor
• Institute of Mathematics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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